Systematic approach to physical examination — vital signs, end-of-bed assessment, hands, face, and presentation-guided exam selection. Follow IPPA: Inspect → Palpate → Percuss → Auscultate.
Position
Patient at 45° for cardiovascular; lying flat for abdominal; sitting for respiratory.
Permission
Introduce yourself, explain examination, gain consent. Chaperone for intimate exams.
Pain
Ask if the patient has any pain before you begin. Examine painful areas last.
Inspect
From end of bed first — colour, distress, posture, equipment in use, cachexia.
Palpate
Light palpation first, then deep. Watch face for pain. Warm hands.
Percuss
Systematic — compare sides. Dullness = solid or fluid. Resonance = air.
Auscultate
Listen methodically. Compare sides. Use diaphragm for high-pitched, bell for low-pitched sounds.
Resting athlete: 40–60 bpm normal. Irregularly irregular → AF.
Measure both arms. >10 mmHg difference → subclavian stenosis or aortic dissection.
Most sensitive early sign of deterioration. Count for a full 60 seconds.
COPD target: 88–92%. Unreliable with nail polish, peripheral vasoconstriction, or carbon monoxide poisoning.
Oral temperature most common in GP. Axillary reads 0.5°C lower. Elderly may not mount fever.
Waist circumference >88 cm (F) / >102 cm (M) = metabolic risk, independent of BMI.
Examine: Cardiovascular → Respiratory → Abdominal (epigastric)
Examine: Respiratory → Cardiovascular (heart failure) → Abdominal (ascites)
Examine: Abdominal (full) → consider Respiratory (referred) → PR if indicated
Examine: Neurological (full cranial nerves) → Cardiovascular (BP, carotids) → Eye (fundi)
Examine: MSK (affected joint + surrounding joints) → Systemic (hands, skin, eyes for RA/PsA)
Examine: Cardiovascular (postural BP, pulse) → Neurological (cerebellar, cranial nerves)
Examine: Cardiovascular (JVP, heart failure) → Abdominal (pelvic mass, lymph nodes) → consider DVT
Examine: Systematic exam of all systems — hands, lymph nodes, abdominal (organomegaly/mass), thyroid
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